Forensic approaches to verifying the evidence reliability in the process of collecting and evaluating information during pre-trial investigations
Palabras clave:
Admisibilidad de las pruebas, Fiabilidad, Proceso penal, Pruebas digitales, Principio de saturación, Normas internacionales, Algoritmo de verificaciónResumen
El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar enfoques forenses para la evaluación de la fiabilidad de las pruebas y diseñar un algoritmo procedimental dirigido a investigadores y fiscales que asegure una verificación sistemática y coherente del conjunto probatorio. Con este fin, se llevó a cabo un análisis doctrinal jurídico de las disposiciones del derecho nacional e internacional (CPC de Ucrania, Convenio de Budapest, ISO/IEC 27001), un examen comparativo de las prácticas de la UE y los EE. UU. (Directrices de la Fiscalía Europea, Reglas Federales de Prueba, Bundesgerichtshof, Sąd Najwyższy) y un análisis de contenido de 20 sentencias del Tribunal Supremo de Ucrania. Las conclusiones mostraron que los criterios principales de fiabilidad eran la proporcionalidad, la transparencia y la eficacia de las medidas correctivas. Metodológicamente, estos criterios se operacionalizaron mediante un esquema de codificación basado en reglas aplicado a los instrumentos normativos seleccionados y a las decisiones judiciales, con triangulación interjurisdiccional de defectos procedimentales recurrentes y pasos de verificación. Se constató que, en la jurisprudencia ucraniana, la causa predominante para considerar inadmisibles las pruebas era la violación del protocolo procesal para su obtención, mientras que en Alemania y Polonia prevalecían las deficiencias en la «cadena de custodia». La comparación con las normas internacionales reveló una divergencia estructural entre los requisitos formales de fiabilidad y su operacionalización procedimental dentro del proceso nacional. La novedad científica reside en el establecimiento de un algoritmo metódico por etapas y auditable para validar las pruebas, que integra enfoques doctrinales, comparativos y empíricos en un marco coherente de evaluación procedimental. Las implicaciones prácticas de este estudio vienen determinadas por el potencial de utilización de los resultados para formular directrices y recomendaciones metodológicas, así como para mejorar las competencias de los investigadores y fiscales en el ámbito de la verificación de pruebas.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Andrii Antoshchuk, Olha Dobrova, Olena Volobuieva, Vladas Tumalavičius, Oksana Bryskovska
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