Hacia un marco jurídico internacional sostenible para la protección del medio ambiente marino frente a la contaminación por residuos plásticos
Palabras clave:
Derecho Ambiental Internacional, Contaminación Marina por Plásticos, UNCLOS, Gobernanza Ambiental, SostenibilidadResumen
Los residuos plásticos representan uno de los desafíos ambientales más críticos que enfrentan los ecosistemas marinos debido a sus profundos y duraderos impactos en la biodiversidad, la sostenibilidad marina y el equilibrio ecológico global. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el marco jurídico internacional que rige la protección del medio ambiente marino contra la contaminación por residuos plásticos, examinando los convenios internacionales y regionales pertinentes y evaluando su eficacia para abordar este problema creciente. La investigación adopta una metodología descriptiva-analítica que integra el examen de los textos legales con su interpretación a la luz de las realidades ambientales actuales, centrándose particularmente en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (UNCLOS) como piedra angular del sistema jurídico marítimo internacional. Los hallazgos revelan que los marcos jurídicos internacionales actuales, si bien son fundamentales para establecer los principios de protección del medio ambiente marino, siguen siendo limitados en cuanto a su aplicabilidad y efecto vinculante debido a la ausencia de un instrumento internacional específico que aborde la contaminación marina por plásticos. Además, las disparidades en las capacidades económicas y tecnológicas entre los Estados dificultan la implementación efectiva de los compromisos internacionales existentes. El estudio subraya la necesidad urgente de establecer un mecanismo legal más estricto y completo que integre los conceptos de economía circular, materiales biodegradables y soluciones de gestión de residuos basadas en la innovación. El estudio concluye que la protección efectiva del medio ambiente marino requiere la reconfiguración del sistema jurídico internacional para que se ajuste mejor a los Objetulos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de las Naciones Unidas, en particular al Objetivo 14__Vida Submarina__, promoviendo una cooperación jurídica e institucional global coherente. Mediante esta integración de la gobernanza jurídica y la innovación sostenible, el estudio ofrece una visión estratégica integral destinada a salvaguardar la biodiversidad marina y garantizar la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales para las generaciones futuras.
Descargas
Referencias
Aare, F. F., Tekaron, O. A., Ntor, G. G., & Ogiri, T. O. (2024). Strategic management of plastic pollution in Nigeria: Balancing best approaches. https://doi.org/10.22271/civillaw.2024.v4.i1a.58
Abbas, G., Ahmed, U., & Ahmad, M. A. (2025). Impact of microplastics on human health: risks, diseases, and affected body systems. Microplastics, 4(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4020023
Abbott, K. W., Keohane, R. O., Moravcsik, A., Slaughter, A., & Snidal, D. (2000). The concept of legalization. International Organization, 54(3), 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551271
Abirami, A. (2024). Marine Pollution and Waste Management. Journal of Law and Legal Research Development. Avaliable at: https://jllrd.com/index.php/journal/article/view/10 (accessed on 15 October 2025).
ADVISORY OPINION. (2024). Request for an advisory opinion submitted by the commission of small island states on climate change and international law. Avaliable at: https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/31/Advisory_Opinion/C31_Adv_Op_21.05.2024_orig.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Aheeyar, M., Jayathilake, N., Bucatariu, C., Reitemeier, M., Bandara, A., Thiel, F., & Drechsel, P. (2023). Governance analysis for urban wholesale to household’s food waste prevention and reduction in Sri Lanka. Colombo, FAO and IWMI. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0174en
Aklin, M., & Mildenberger, M. (2020). Prisoners of the wrong Dilemma: Why distributive conflict, not collective action, characterizes the politics of climate change. Global Environmental Politics, 20(4), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00578
Al-Sherman, N. (2024). Crimes of the breaches of trust and equity in financial securities trading. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 16.2, 501–514. https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.501.514
Anjana, K., Hinduja, M., Sujitha, K., & Dharani, G. (2020). Review on plastic wastes in marine environment–Biodegradation and biotechnological solutions. Marine Pollution, 150, 110733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110733
Apriandini, D., Azizah, T. N. A., Kirana, K. C., & Nugroho, M. F. A. (2024). Environmental Law Enforceent Against Plastic Waste Disposal Based on Law Number 18 of 2008 Concerning Waste Management. At-Tasyrih: jurnal pendidikan dan hukum Islam, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.55849/attasyrih.v10i1.189
Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S., & Regoli, F. (2016). Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: From emerging pollutants to emerged threat. Marine Environmental Research, 128, 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.012
Badran, D. M. I., & Abdelhady, M. A. (2024). Legislación sobre energía sostenible: la piedra angular para lograr la sostenibilidad medioambiental y económica. REICE Revista Electrónica De Investigación En Ciencias Económicas, 12(24), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.5377/reice.v12i24.20055
Badran, D. M. I., Al-Amari, K. B. S. Y., & Abdelhady, M. A. (2024). The legal Challenges in environmental Protection and Accountability: A study in Saudi Law. Revista De Gestão Social E Ambiental, 18(9), e6536. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n9-060
Baechler, B. R., De Frond, H., Dropkin, L., Leonard, G. H., Proano, L., & Mallos, N. J. (2024). Public awareness and perceptions of ocean plastic pollution and support for solutions in the United States. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1323477
Bank, M. S., Swarzenski, P. W., Duarte, C. M., Rillig, M. C., Koelmans, A. A., Metian, M., ... & Ok, Y. S. (2021). Global Plastic Pollution Observation System to aid Policy. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(12), 7770–7775. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00818
Bel Hassen, M., Bellaaj Zouari, A., Abdennadher, M., Assaf, J. C., Nakad, M., Abboud, R., ... & Hamd, W. (2025). Plastics pollution: pathways, impacts, and regulatory challenges in marine environments. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1635230
Beltran, M., Tjahjono, B., Suoneto, T. N., Tanjung, R., & Julião, J. (2023). Rethinking marine plastics pollution: Science diplomacy and multi-level governance. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 90(1), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523231183909
Bertolazzi, S., Cuttitta, A., & Pipitone, V. (2024). Addressing marine plastic pollution: a systematic literature review. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 68, 101428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2024.101428
Biermann, F., Pattberg, P., Van Asselt, H., & Zelli, F. (2009). The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: a Framework for Analysis. Global Environmental Politics. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2009.9.4.14
Borrelle, S. B., Rochman, C. M., Liboiron, M., Bond, A. L., Lusher, A., Bradshaw, H., & Provencher, J. F. (2017). Why we need an international agreement on marine plastic pollution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(38), 9994–9997. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714450114
Comte, A., Pendleton, L. H., Bailly, D., & Quillérou, E. (2018). Conceptual advances on global scale assessments of vulnerability: Informing investments for coastal populations at risk of climate change. Marine Policy, 99, 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.10.038
Conferences Environment and Sustainable Development. Avaliable at: https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/rio1992 (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Daniel C. Esty. (1994). Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment, and the Future. Avaliable at: https://www.piie.com/bookstore/greening-gatt-trade-environment-and-future (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Dauvergne, P. (2018). Why is the global governance of plastic failing the oceans? Global Environmental Change, 51, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.05.002
Dauvergne, P. (2023). The necessity of justice for a fair, legitimate, and effective treaty on plastic pollution. Marine Policy, 155, 105785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105785
Delphi, W., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Evans, K., Green, M., McCormack, P. C., Camilla, N., ... & Cayne, L. (2022). Safeguarding marine life: conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 32(1), 65–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09700-3
Dimassi, S. N., Hahladakis, J. N., Yahia, M. N. D., Ahmad, M. I., Sayadi, S., & Al-Ghouti, M. A. (2022). Degradation-fragmentation of marine plastic waste and their environmental implications: A critical review. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(11), 104262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104262
Erawati, L. (2024). The Government's Responsibility in Enforcing the Law on Plastic Pollution in The Sea. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 4(3), 947-958. https://doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v4i3.1084
Ferronato, N., & Torretta, V. (2019). Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A review of Global issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
Fonseca, T., Agostinho, F., Pavão, J., Sulis, F., Maceno, M., Almeida, C., & Giannetti, B. (2024). Marine plastic pollution: A systematic review of management strategies through a macroscope approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 208, 117075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117075
Gjerde, K. M., & Yadav, S. S. (2021). Polycentricity and Regional Ocean Governance: Implications for the emerging UN Agreement on Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.704748
Guggisberg, S. (2024). Finding equitable solutions to the land-based sources of marine plastic pollution: Sovereignty as a double-edged sword. Marine Policy.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105960
Han, Y., Lam, J. C., Li, V. O., & Reiner, D. (2020). A Bayesian LSTM model to evaluate the effects of air pollution control regulations in Beijing, China. Environmental Science & Policy, 115, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.10.004
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution. (2022). Avaliable at: https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., & Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352
Johansson, N., & Corvellec, H. (2018). Waste policies gone soft: An analysis of European and Swedish waste prevention plans. Waste Management, 77, 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.015
Kanter, D. R., Winiwarter, W., Bodirsky, B. L., Bouwman, L., Boyer, E., Buckle, S., ... & Zurek, M. (2020). A framework for nitrogen futures in the shared socioeconomic pathways. Global Environmental Change, 61, 102029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102029
Khaskheli, M. B., Wang, S., Zhang, X., Shamsi, I. H., Shen, C., Rasheed, S., Ibrahim, Z., & Baloch, D. M. (2023). Technology advancement and international law in marine policy, challenges, solutions and future prospective. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1258924
Kirk, E. A., & Popattanachai, N. (2018). Marine plastics: Fragmentation, effectiveness and legitimacy in international lawmaking. Review of European Comparative & International Environmental Law, 27(3), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12261
Kumar, R., Verma, A., Shome, A., Sinha, R., Sinha, S., Jha, P. K., ... & Vara Prasad, P. V. (2021). Impacts of plastic pollution on ecosystem services, sustainable development goals, and need to focus on circular economy and policy interventions. Sustainability, 13(17), 9963. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179963
Kumar, S., Kumar, S., Kumar, S., Yadav, T., Dhapola, P. S., & Singh, P. K. (2024). Reducing Environmental Plastic Pollution by Designing Polymer Materials for Managed End-of-Life. In Macromolecular Symposia, 413(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.202300146
Kurniawan, S. B., Abdullah, S. R. S., Imron, M. F., & Ismail, N. I. (2021). Current state of marine plastic pollution and its technology for more eminent evidence: a review. Journal of cleaner production, 278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123537
Landrigan, P. J., Raps, H., Cropper, M., Bald, C., Brunner, M., Canonizado, E. M., ... & Dunlop, S. (2023). The Minderoo-Monaco commission on plastics and human health. Annals of Global health, 89(1), 23. Avaliable at: https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.4056 (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Lau, W. W., Shiran, Y., Bailey, R. M., Cook, E., Stuchtey, M. R., Koskella, J., ... & Palardy, J. E. (2020). Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution. Science, 369(6510), 1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9475
Leal Filho, W., Barbir, J., May, J., May, M., Swart, J., Yang, P., ... & Azadi, H. (2025). Towards more sustainable oceans: A review of the pressing challenges posed by marine plastic litter. Waste Management & Research the Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 43(9), 1358–1377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x251313927
Lysén, G. (1997). State responsibility and international liability of states for lawful acts: A Discussion of Principles. Uppsala: Iustus förlag, 1997. p. 220.
Ma, P., Ye, G., Peng, X., Liu, J., Qi, J., & Jia, S. (2017). Development of an index system for evaluation of ecological carrying capacity of marine ecosystems. Ocean & Coastal Management, 144, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.04.012
McMahon, M. (2022). Tides of plastic: Using international environmental law to reduce marine plastic pollution. Hastings Environmental Law Journal, 28, 49.
Mederake, L., & Knoblauch, D. (2019). Shaping EU Plastic Policies: The Role of Public Health vs. Environmental Arguments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203928
Melidis, M., & Gouglas, A. (2025). Laggard by intent or constraint? Rethinking environmental implementation deficits in Greece through the Capacity–Intentionality Framework. Environmental Policy and Governance, 35(5), 914–927. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.70011
Official Journal of the European Union. (2019). Directive (EU) 2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment (Text with EEA relevance). pp. 1-19. Avaliable at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Onyeabor, E., & Obuka, U. (2024). Building collaboration and synergy among regional blocs to reduce marine plastic waste pollution: A case for the Gulf of Guinea region. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115829
Pattiaratchi, C., Van der Mheen, M., Schlundt, C., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Sura, A., Hajbane, S., ... & Wijeratne, S. (2022). Plastics in the Indian Ocean – sources, transport, distribution, and impacts. Ocean Science, 18(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1-2022
Peters, A. (2017). The refinement of international law: From fragmentation to regime interaction and politicization. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 15(3), 671–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mox056
Porzeżyńska, M. (2021). Case C‐24/19 (A and others): How to ensure effet utile of the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive? Review of European Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31(1), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12424
Putri, R. W., & Sabatira, F. (2023). The paradox of ASEAN way in marine plastic pollution: the challenge of compliance among member states. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 9(3), 248-264.
Pyć, D. (2024). Liability for Pollution Damage to the Marine Environment. In Managing Environmental Risks through Insurance: Legal and Economic Aspects (pp. 389-404). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47602-0_15
Raubenheimer, K., & McIlgorm, A. (2017). Is the Montreal Protocol a model that can help solve the global marine plastic debris problem? Marine Policy, 81, 322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.04.014
Sarwar, F., Ali, S., Bhatti, S. H., & ur Rehman, S. (2021). Legal Approaches to Reduce Plastic Marine Pollution: Challenges and Global Governance. Annals of Social Sciences and Perspective, 2(1).https://doi.org/10.52700/assap.v2i1.32
Schmaltz, E., Melvin, E. C., Diana, Z., Gunady, E. F., Rittschof, D., Somarelli, J. A., ... & Dunphy-Daly, M. M. (2020). Plastic pollution solutions: emerging technologies to prevent and collect marine plastic pollution. Environment international, 144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106067
Seewoo, B. J., Goodes, L. M., Mofflin, L., Mulders, Y. R., Wong, E. V., Toshniwal, P., ... & Dunlop, S. A. (2023). The plastic health map: A systematic evidence map of human health studies on plastic-associated chemicals. Environment International, 181, 108225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108225
Shomuyiwa, D. O., Onukansi, F. O., Ivanova, M., & Lucero‐Prisno, D. E. (2023). The Plastic treaty: What is in it for Africa? Public Health Challenges, 2(2), e83. https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.83
Smith, M., Love, D. C., Rochman, C. M., & Neff, R. A. (2018). Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Current Environmental Health Reports, 5(3), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-018-0206-z
Tanaka, Y. (2019). The International Law of the Sea (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Avaliable at: https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/40103/frontmatter/9781108440103_frontmatter.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Tanaka, Y. (2023). Shared State Responsibility for Land-Based Marine Plastic Pollution. Transnational Environmental Law, 12(2), 244-269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102522000462
Thushari, G. G. N., Senevirathna, J. D. M. (2020). Plastic pollution in the marine environment. In Heliyon. Avaliable at: https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(20)31552-8.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Tumu, K., Vorst, K., & Curtzwiler, G. (2023). Global plastic waste recycling and extended producer responsibility laws. Journal of Environmental Management, 348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119242
UNEP. Environment Assembly. (2022). 5/14. End plastic pollution: towards an international legally binding instrument: resolution/adopted by the United Nations Environment Assembly. Avaliable at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3999257?ln=en&utm_source=chatgpt.com&v=pdf (accessed on 15 October 2025).
United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). From Pollution to Solution: A Global Assessment of Marine litter and Plastic pollution. Avaliable at: https://library.sprep.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/from-pollution-solution.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2025).
United Nations. (2001). Responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts. In Yearbook of the International Law Commission. Available at: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2025).
Wang, G., Huang, D., Ji, J., Völker, C., & Wurm, F. R. (2021). Seawater-Degradable Polymers—Fighting the marine plastic pollution. Advanced Science, 8(1), 2001121. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001121
Wang, S. (2023). International law-making process of combating plastic pollution: Status Quo, debates and prospects. Marine Policy, 147, 105376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105376
Worm, B., Lotze, H. K., Jubinville, I., Wilcox, C., & Jambeck, J. (2017). Plastic as a persistent marine pollutant. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700
Wu, H. H. (2022). A study on transnational regulatory governance for marine plastic debris: Trends, challenges, and prospect. Marine Policy, 136.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103988
Young, O. R. (2011). Effectiveness of international environmental regimes: Existing knowledge, cutting-edge themes, and research strategies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(50), 19853–19860. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111690108
Yu, R., Yang, Y., & Singh, S. (2023). Global analysis of marine plastics and implications of control measure strategies. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1305091
Zhou, J., & Luo, D. (2024). The global governance of marine plastic pollution: rethinking the extended producer responsibility system. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1363269
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Doaa Mohamed Ibrahim Badran, Naser Alsherman, Mohammad A. Alsalmi, Ehab Alrousan, Bandar Nasser Alhamdan, Mahmoud Abdelgawwad Abdelhady
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:- Los/las autores/as ceden todos sus derechos de autor a la revista Cadernos de Dereito Actual, la cual se encargará de difundir y citar siempre a su autor.
- Los autores/as se comprometen a no enviar el artículo o publicarlo en otra revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los/las autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada, siempre que se haga referencia a Cadernos de Dereito Actual.
- Cadernos de Dereito Actual no se hace responsable por ninguno de los artículos publicados en caso de que el/la autor/autora hay incurrido en plagio o alguna política desleal a la hora de redactar y/o enviar su artículo. Cualquier responsabilidad civil o penal corresponderá, siempre, al autor/autora del artículo.
Todos los contenidos publicados en la revista están protegidos bajo una licencia "Creative Commons - Reconocimiento - No Comercial". Toda persona tiene derecho a acceder libremente a los contenidos de la revista.
